Definitely not ethanol, tanks were turning yellow long before ethanol.
Definitely not fuel penetrating through the plastic. It would be more discolored and sooner where fuel has spilled than other places.
Plastic oxidizes like anything else. Plenty of plastics get that white chalky coast to them.
I've never tried because I don't much care if the tank yellows, but you could try to clear coat the tank which would prevent oxidation. On thanks that are already yellow, you can put a strip of tape from top to bottom and paint the tank whatever you want to and remove the tank for visibility. The paint and or clear will likely peel within the yea however..